The laws of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland Essay Example

The laws of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland Essay The laws of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland when carrying out research are similar but they do vary. For this reason, as both Masson (2004) and Aldersons (2004) papers refer more to laws passed mainly in England and Wales, these will be the laws I will discuss in detail. It should also be noted that what is legal and ethical in research is being continually reviewed and updated. This essay will examine the statement made by Masson (2004) that everything that is legal is not necessarily ethical by showing that ethical requirements go further than what is legally required. It will discuss specific areas of research such as consent, confidentiality and the responsibility held by researchers towards the children and young people involved in their research. I will use examples from research papers by Thorne (2004), Sutton (2004) and Aldgate and Bradley (2004) to illustrate how what is legal is not always necessarily sufficient to fulfil ethical requirements.One important iss ue to consider before beginning research is consent, which is one area where it is without a doubt that all that is legal is certainly not ethical. In order to conduct research with children and young people, it is a legal requirement to gain signed consent, normally through gatekeepers, such as parents, or educational bodies, which have responsibility for childrens welfare until children or young people are of an age or deemed mature enough to give consent themselves. Whether or not the young person is mature enough is based upon the extent to which the child understands all aspects of the research. In Gillick v W Norfolk and Wisbech AHA (1985) in Masson (2004) a child who demonstrated sufficient understanding was permitted to consent to medical treatment against her parents wishes. One further point to consider is that researchers also need to be aware that legally, a gatekeepers role is to allow access for the research to happen, not to give consent for the children to participat e this must be gained from a parent or legal guardian.There are other issues, which may arise when trying to obtain consent, such as the fact that parental responsibility is not automatically given to fathers unless they are married to the childs mother, or where the childs birth is jointly registered. Furthermore, if parents are separated, consent from only one parent is necessary. However to comply only with these requirements would be unethical as ethical guidelines require researchers to consider both parents and in situations where parents are not in agreement, then researchers must comply with the wishes of the parent who provides the day-to-day responsibility for the child. In such cases if the parent who is against the research being carried out is the parent who does not have day-today responsibility, they can legally prevent the research from taking place by going to court. Additionally, when gaining consent, methodological issues have to be considered such as how to esta blish the marital status of the parent, as it would be unethical and possibly offensive to ask this outright. This example shows that what is legal would not be ethical as there are greater requirements to be met ethically.In addition to gaining legal consent, ethical guidelines state that researchers must also get informed consent; Masson (2004) highlights four areas, which a child must understand before doing so. Firstly, the child needs to be able to differentiate between his/her involvement with the researcher and the involvement they have with other adults, such as teachers. The child must also be made aware that the researcher has no power issues or hold over them and Masson suggested that they interact in some rapport building activities in order to establish this. This is an important part of the research (although time consuming) as it will encourage the child to relax and in turn will obviously benefit the research. Secondly, the child must be aware that the data collected in order that the researcher can understand the particular topic being researched better and thirdly, that no one will make decisions about the child based upon the information which they share with the researcher. The final point Masson made was that the child must also understand that the researcher cannot take action that would alter the childs life in any way due to their involvement in the research. It is important that as far as possible, informed consent be given from the participants themselves and without it; the validity of their research may be called into question.One research paper where the legal requirements of research with children and young people were clearly adhered to but where it was obvious that ethical requirements went much further was Aldgate and Bradleys (2004). Legal consent was gained from both parent and social workers but Aldgate and Bradleys took the necessary ethical step obtaining informed consent from the children themselves.This was not the case in Suttons (2004) paper, where although he gained legal consent we can surmise that he failed to get informed consent from the children from the fact he states in the commentary that he asked the teachers not to tell the children why he was present in their class.Similarly, although Thorne (2004) gained legal consent from the school she failed to gain informed consent from the children themselves, which is clear from the fact that during her research, one child asked her if she was recording bad behaviour to report them. These examples show that although both the researchers followed legal requirements, this was not necessarily ethical as they failed to gain informed consent from the children themselves.In Focus clip 4 (EK310 FOCUS II clip 4 The strange situation), Ainsworth studied the attachment bond between a mother and her child during an episode where the mother leaves the child with a stranger and then on her own in a room. Although legal consent would be gained before the mot her and child entered into the experiment, informed consent of the child can obviously not be gained due to the age and lack of competency in the child. In this case, ethically researchers should always make sure to acknowledge signs of assent in the child and halt procedures immediately.One other important legal aspect surrounding research is that of confidentiality, which applies to adults and to children who are mature enough to give consent themselves. However for those children who are too young or lacking in maturity, parents or other gatekeepers legally have the right to the information that has been gained from the child.Carrying out these legal requirements alone is unsatisfactory, as ethical requirements stipulate that researchers must go further by protecting the confidentiality of all participants, even small children. An example of this was evident in Aldgate and Bradleys (2004) paper, where the researchers made the participants aware that information given to them woul d be kept in confidence although they also made it clear that the children were free to discuss anything should they wish to do so with their parents or other gatekeeper. In Audio band 3, (06:28) Masson states that when carrying out individual interviews, for example with family members, it is useful to have separate interviewers so that researchers are honestly unable to repeat information they have received should they be asked.Legal and ethical issues overlap to an extent regarding confidentiality for example when issues of abuse come to light. Today, in the United Kingdom, there is no legal requirement to report abuse, although many local authorities have child protection procedures and professional codes of conduct, which require their employees to do so. Furthermore, if employees fail to report abuse, they run the risk of disciplinary action or having their employment terminated. Ethically, when researchers are seeking informed consent, they must inform participants that confi dentiality has limits in areas such as these. This is one area where all that is legal is ethical when issues of abuse are brought to court; researchers are required legally as well as ethically to divulge this information.One other important aspect of confidentiality where all that is legal is also ethical is that of anonymity. Legally, researchers are required by the Data protection Act to protect the anonymity and identity of the participants. When discussing matters of bullying with teachers, Sutton (2004) was careful to keep confidentiality by raising these issues in general terms without mentioning the children by name. The legal requirements for this aspect of confidentiality also fulfil ethical requirements sufficiently as researchers have an ethical duty to protect the anonymity of their participants, which is important in childrens cases should the school wish to read the post-research report. This can be overcome by using pseudonyms as was seen in Takeis (2001) research w ith young babies and changing place names which Aldgate and Bradley (2004) did in order to protect the identity of the four councils in their research.The final area I shall consider is the researchers responsibility towards the children and young people involved in the research. There are three concepts, which Alderson (2004), highlights as being important for researchers to consider when carrying out research with children respect, rights, and achieving the best outcomes. It is only right that researchers should respect the time children have spent taking part in their research, and in Audio band 3, (15:50) Masson suggested one way to do this to pay them some money. In order for this not to become an incentive however, this should be offered after the research. This raises ethical issues such as the fact there could be a risk that young people might spend this money on alcohol or drugs, and this could be encouraging them to break the law. One useful suggestion made by Alderson (a udio band 3) was to give vouchers as a token of appreciation to overcome this.As well as having the right to be respected, children also have the right to protection. This means that researchers are held accountable for any physical injuries, which the child might sustain in the course of the research. Children also have the right to be protected from harm, and legal checks are in place for this such as the Criminal Bureau Register (CRB) in order to gain access to schools and such likes which researchers should fulfil before carrying out research. In this respect all that is legal is ethical as researchers also have an ethical duty to protect their participants.Due to the nature of their research, Aldgate and Bradley (2004) had to have a Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) check in order to gain access to the children. The ethical requirements in this situation are similar as researchers are also expected to protect participants from harm, which involves amongst other things, taking care when choosing the location and insisting that participants be chaperoned during the process. In audio band 3, (20:02) Olsen suggested interviewing children in a neutral place such as McDonalds where they may feel more free to say what they want, and in addition to protecting the children, it also offers protection for the researcher from accusations of abuse.The above issues should be carefully considered whilst trying to ascertain whether carrying out the research outweighs any harm children might come to either during or as a result of the research this is known as Aldersons (2004) best outcome.These requirements did not seem to be met in Ainsworths research The strange situation shown on Focus clip 4 (EK310 FOCUS II) where the child appears to become distressed, whereupon the researcher should have been legally and ethically bound to stop the experiment. Although of course, the point of this experiment was to examine the distress level itself it must be considered that causing d istress, even for a short period of time, whether the child will remember it or not is unethical. Furthermore, it is likely that similar information could be gained from examining children left in childcare establishments from a young age perhaps whilst mothers were returning to work. One further point with regards to the Strange Situation which shows that all that is legal is not necessarily ethical is that the researcher treated the child as an object, rather than a subject or participant. This shows how the strange situation, although legal was certainly by no means ethical.One other area where the researcher has responsibility is with regards to issues of abuse. Although legally, there is nothing to prevent them from counselling a child, ethically this would be unacceptable. Researchers must be aware that their role is limited to that of researcher and keep in mind that children have the right to the best possible care, which means directing children to professional agencies equ ipped to deal with issues such as this.These issues were considered by Sutton (2004) who was aware of limits in his role of researcher and did not attempt to counsel any children, but rather directed any upset children to a third party who had specific training. However, one dubious aspect revealed in his paper was where he shared his concern that some of the children may have been experiencing repercussions as a result of the research and although not legally he was not required to half the research, ethically he would have been required to do so.By examining issues such as consent, confidentiality and the researchers responsibility towards participants, this essay has shown that all that is legal is not always necessarily ethical as ethics often make further demands of researchers. When conducting research, legally consent has to be gained from one parent only, which is insufficient to fulfil ethical requirements. Furthermore, the ethics that govern researchers state that not only must consent be obtained from the parent, but researchers must extend this and where possible obtain informed consent from the children themselves. However this is not always possible, so researchers must be alert to signs of assent and halt the procedure immediately, which highlights that to simply comply with legal requirements would not be good ethical practice.I also looked at the researchers responsibility towards the child, which again demonstrates that legal requirements do not fulfill what is necessarily ethical. It is not illegal for researchers to counsel distressed children, but it is certainly unethical, as ethically researchers must recognize that their role has limits and that the child has the right to the best possible care. It can be said therefore in conclusion that there are certain situations where all that is legal is not necessarily ethical but one should take into consideration that both laws and ethics in the UK are continually being reviewed and are changin g.

Man Caused Environmental Problem essays

Man Caused Environmental Problem essays Air pollution and air quality has been a topic of concern for decades in the United States. While great progress has been made toward cleaning up our air, there is still much left to do to make air quality healthful for the country's citizens. These experts note, "The United States has achieved remarkable progress in reducing air pollution since the Clean Air Act was established in 1970" (Mangun and Henning 229). However, most large cities still experience many days each year where air quality is unhealthful, and these days can lead to health and breathing problems for What causes air pollution' One of the major causes of unhealthy air is automobile emissions, and emissions from factories, power plants, and other industries. Fossil fuels are one of the biggest problems in controlling air pollution. Industries and homes that burn fossil fuels also contaminate the atmosphere, and these fuels must be replaced with cleaner technologies, such as solar and wind power, and other forms of power that are less costly in monetary and air pollution terms. The remainder of these dirty fuels accumulates in the atmosphere. Often they are invisible, but more often, when the accumulate in enough numbers; they become the glaze of smog that hangs over most large cities in the United States. In times of temperature inversion, when heat rises and traps colder air underneath, air pollution and ozone emissions can be trapped in valleys, creating a dangerous situation for the area's air quality. As the Utah Air Quality Web site notes, "Ozone is an invisible gas caused by vehicle emissions in the presence of sunlight and hot temperatures. [] Continued exposure to ozone can cause breathing problems, reduce lung function, irritate eyes and nasal passages and reduce resistance to colds and other infections" ("Air Quality"). Poor air quality can also exacerbate existing condit...

Week 3 Discussion-Environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 3 Discussion-Environmental - Essay Example These rod - like spores are resistant to heat and a capable of surviving in foods that are poorly processed due to the neuro- toxins present in them. Botulism in humans is caused by the A, B, E and F types based on their antigenic specificity. Food-borne botulism also called food poisoning occurs due to the ingestion of certain foods that contain potent neuro-toxin produced by the growth of the spores. Though the incidence of botulism is reported to be low, yet on a global level it is a cause of great concern due to the high mortality rate when not treated promptly and properly. canned foods, if not properly and adequately processed could easily lead to botulism. Even commercially processed foods such as seafood products, meat products, sausages and canned fruits and vegetables are potent carriers for human botulism. The symptoms related to food borne botulism, occurs within 18 to 36 hours of ingesting contaminated food filled with toxins. It begins with a marked lassitude, difficulty in swallowing and speaking, general weakness and vertigo. This is followed by a severe abdominal cramping and distention with constipation and a weakening of the muscles. Thereafter, the Botulinum toxin spreads through the body causing flaccid paralysis by inhibiting all the motor nerve terminals of the myoneural junction. The paralysis progresses downwards after beginning with the eyes, face and throat and moves towards the extremities. Botulism becomes life threatening when it encompasses the diaphragm and chest muscles because respiration becomes inhibited and asphyxia results causing death. To prevent these early interventions of administering botulinal antitoxin in compliance with supportive intensive care is the only answer. Detection and identification of the actual source of outbreak is imperative in order to render the right treatment. This organism with its spores are abundantly distributed in nature too in soils and sediments, lakes streams

Facilitating the growth of artictic intelligence Essay

Facilitating the growth of artictic intelligence - Essay Example Here, an attempt is made to show how pre-adolescents can become confident of using innate ability and acquired skills gained through art, especially, to enhance cognitive, moral, social and other characteristics they need to develop for use in work and life. Artistic expression is used throughout a child’s school experience. From kindergarten level, drawing teaches skills such as correct pencil grip, visual calculation of distances, hand-eye coordination and the ability to compare colors and shapes and to understand symbols and ideas (McDonald & Fisher 4). As they progress into middle school, these basic building blocks can be used as a foundation for â€Å"understanding the visual arts in relation to history and cultures; reflecting upon and assessing the work of others; and making connections between the visual arts and other disciplines (MENC, 1994)† (McDonald & Fisher 5). Teachers can use the visual arts, which are enjoyable and feel less like rigorous learning, especially to reluctant students, to promote readiness to learn subjects across the curriculum. Ideas for projects that include hands-on artistic tasks can be successfully incorporated in math, languages, social studies and science - all subjects that â€Å"require higher-order thinking skills† (Prince 2002, 49). Nurturing artistic skills - even very rudimentary ones - can be beneficial in middle school, as students embark on some very serious learning. They can be promoted and improved, since they embrace aesthetic and perceptual abilities which are comparatively easy to acquire. Used by the teacher to instill confidence that flows from the ability to make pictures or three-dimensional pieces, this can-do feeling will be available to be applied to various learning areas. In languages, cartoons and graphic narratives can promote confidence in expressing ideas fluently by using creativity and imagination (McDonald & Fisher 51). In social studies, maps and 3-D globes or panoramas can

Mound Builders of Central America Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mound Builders of Central America - Term Paper Example The mounds are usually shaped square or rectangular, although some hexagonal and octagonal mounds were also found (Gissing 13-14). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate mound builders of Central America, examine their history, what the mounds represented, whether the mound builders were religious, and the culture and mound building of the Cahokia. Between 2000 B.C. and A.D.1600, the Indians in the ancient Midwest and South thrived for several millennia. Their settlements transformed the untamed wilderness into an advanced network of complex political and economic features. The network was often linked by waterways such as the Missippi River. The first important urban centers were created in North America by the mound builders, from Cahokia in southern Illinois to Poverty Point in northeastern Louisiana (USA Today 12). â€Å"The greatest concentration of mounds lay in the heart of the continent: Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri† (Silverberg 3). There were subsidiary mound areas in western Tennessee and Kentucky. Nearly every major waterway of the Midwest was surrounded by clusters of mounds. The mounds built in Central America and Mexico were constructed for the same purpose as those in other parts of the continent. Most of the lower mounds would have been constructed â€Å"as foundations for the more important edifices of the mound building people (Gissing 15). Many of the great buildings erected on such pyramidal foundations at Palenque, Uxmal and other places in the region did not vanish over the centuries because they were built of hewn stone laid in mortar. On the other hand, the mound builders beginning their construction works in the lower Mississippi used wood or some other perishable material; therefore there is not even a trace of those mounds to be found today. The higher mounds with broad, flat summits, reached by stairways on the outside, appear like the Mexican

Indian Railways Financial Capacity Enhancement

Indian Railways Financial Capacity Enhancement Physical and financial capacity enhancement/capacity building of Indian railways over years To analyze how the physical capacity of Indian railways has enhanced over years. To examine financial capacity enhancement of Indian railways over years In our research we have considered two types of Capacity enhancements one is physical capacity and another one is financial capacity. Capacity enhancement has been defined in multiple ways; its ultimate purpose is to leave behind better skilled and oriented individuals, more responsive and effective institutions, and a better policy environment for pursuing development goals. Capacity enhancement at the institutional or policy level has three main ingredients The country’s resources and capabilities An enabling institutional environment Motivations and incentives/pressures that promote and help to sustain behavioral change Capacity utilization: Capacity utilization is a concept in economics and managerial accounting which refers to the extent to which an enterprise or a nation actually uses its installed productive capacity. Thus, it refers to the relationship between actual output that is produced with the installed equipment and the potential output which could be produced with it, if capacity was fully used. If market demand grows, capacity utilization will rise. If demand weakens, capacity utilization will slacken. Economists and bankers often watch capacity utilization indicators for signs of inflation pressures. The capacity utilization rate is also an indicator of how efficiently thefactors of productionare being used. Economic efficiency: In economics, the term economic efficiency refers to the use of resources so as to maximize the production of goods and services. An economic system is said to be more efficient than another (in relative terms) if it can provide more goods and services for society without using more resources. In absolute terms, a situation can be called economically efficient if: No one can be made better off without making someone else worse off (commonly referred to asPareto efficiency). No additional output can be obtained without increasing the amount of inputs. Production proceeds at the lowest possible per-unit cost. Technical efficiency: Technical efficiency means that natural resources are transformed into goods and services without waste, Situation where it is impossible for a firm to produce, with the given know how, (1) a larger output from the same inputs or (2) the same output with less of one or more inputs without increasing the amount of other input. Technical efficiency is the effectiveness with which a given set of inputs is used to produce an output. A firm is said to be technically efficient if a firm is producing the maximum output from the minimum quantity of inputs, such as labor, capital and technology. Productivity: Productivity is a measure of the efficiency ofproduction. Productivity is a ratio of production output to what is required to produce it (inputs). The measure of productivity is defined as a total output per one unit of a total input. Physical capacity Railway stations Employees Route length Locomotives Total investment Capital at charge Passenger service vehicles Volume of traffic Other coaching vehicles Wagons (To calculate efficiency and productivity we must apply models and tests. Dan bogart and lathika have used cobb douglas production function to calculate efficiency in the operations. Alivelu used a model to calculate productivity. DEA may be used) Locomotives, coaches, wagons and other type of railway vehicles are together called as rolling stock, rolling stock originally referred to the vehicles that move on a railway, it usually includes both powered and unpowered vehicles (Wikipedia). In In some countries the term is usually use to refer only to unpowered vehicles, specifically excluding locomotives which may be referred to as running stock, traction or motive power. In India all the railway vehicles are called as rolling stock. In simple language locomotive is also called as engine, it is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. The word locomotive originates from the Latin word loco which means from a place and motivus which means causing motion. A locomotive has no payload capacity of its own and its sole purpose is to move the train along the tracks. A wagon is a large container on wheels which is pulled by a train. Goods wagons or freight wagons are unpowered railway vehicles that are used for the transportation of cargo. OTIF definition: a railway vehicle not provided with a means of traction, which is intended to carry goods. A passenger car is also known as bogie in India. It is a piece of railway rolling ,stock that is designed to carry passengers. The term passenger car is also associated with a sleeping car, baggage, dining, railway post office and prisoner transport cars. EMU DMU DHMU (EMU) A set of electrically powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets (DMU) A set of diesel-powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets. Such units, especially those consisting of a single vehicle, are sometimes termed railcars . A  diesel multiple unit  or  DMU  is a multiple-unit train powered by on-board diesel engines. A DMU requires no separate locomotive, as the engines are incorporated into one or more of the carriages. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country. Diesel-powered units may be further classified by their transmission type: diesel-electric (DEMU), diesel-mechanical (DMMU) or diesel-hydraulic (DHMU). Diesel-mechanical In a diesel-mechanical multiple unit (DMMU) the rotating energy of the engine is transmitted via a gearbox and driveshaft directly to the wheels of the train, like a car. The transmissions can be shifted manually by the driver, as in the great majority of first-generation British Rail DMUs, but in most applications gears are changed automatically. Diesel-hydraulic In a diesel-hydraulic multiple unit, a hydraulic torque converter, a type of fluid coupling, acts as the transmission medium for the motive power of the diesel engine to turn the wheels. Some units feature a hybrid mix of hydraulic and mechanical transmissions, usually reverting to the latter at higher operating speeds as this decreases engine RPM and noise. Diesel-electric In a diesel-electric multiple unit (DEMU) a diesel engine drives an electrical generator or an alternator which produces electrical energy. The generated current is then fed to electric traction motors on the wheels or bogies in the same way as a conventional diesel electric locomotive. [1] In modern DEMUs, such as the Bombardier Voyager family, each car is entirely self-contained and has its own engine, generator and electric motors. [1] In older designs, such as the British Rail Class 207, some cars within the consist may be entirely unpowered or only feature electric motors, obtaining electrical current from other cars in the consist which have a generator and engine. Year No. of railway stations Employees (in thousands) Route length (in kilometers) Total investment (in crore) Capital at charge 1980-81 7035 1572 61240 7448.4 6096.3 1981-82 7072 1575 61230 8164.3 6698.1 1982-83 7068 1584 61385 8882.2 7251.1 1983-84 7065 1592 61460 9401.4 7567.8 1984-85 7093 1603 61850 10377.3 8285.6 1985-86 7092 1613 61836 11492.0 9078.1 1986-87 7105 1611 61813 13306.9 10373.1 1987-88 7084 1618 61976 15177.6 11622.2 1988-89 7083 1626 61985 17239.4 12987.5 1989-90 7076 1647 62211 19730.6 14629.5 1990-91 7100 1652 62367 22200.5 16125.8 1991-92 7116 1654 65458 24808.4 17712.5 1992-93 7043 1646 62486 28524.3 20123.2 1993-94 7050 1625 62462 32212.0 22620.6 1994-95 7056 1602 62660 35618.2 24924.8 1995-96 7068 1587 62915 39816.0 27712.89 1996-97 6984 1584 62725 44627.3 30911.77 1997-98 6929 1579 62495 49057.8 33846.33 1998-99 6896 1578 62809 53657.6 36829.34 1999-00 6867 1577 62759 58353.4 39772.06 2000-01 6843 1545 63028 63341.01 43051.88 2001-02 6856 1511 63140 70117.47 47147.35 2002-03 6906 1472 63122 77915.78 51099.09 2003-04 7031 1442 63221 87474.50 56061.79 2004-05 7133 1424 63465 98490.02 59346.93 2005-06 6974 1412 63332 112180.41 66878.37 2006-07 6909 1398 63327 130168.71 76030.69 2007-08 7025 1394 63273 151434.35 88521.14 2008-09 7030 1386 64015 176726.41 104301.25 2009-10 7083 1362 63974 203315.37 123000.69 2010-11 7133 1328 64460 231615.25 143220.57 2011-12 7146 1306 64600 257958.35 161447.97 2012-13 2013-14 Source: statistical summary- Indian railways Year Passenger carriage EMU DMU DHMU Other coaching vehicles (in units) Wagons (in units) Locomotives(in units) steam diesel electric 1980-81 27410 2625 8230 400946 7469 2403 1036 1981-82 27192 2658 8058 392062 7245 2520 1104 1982-83 26894 2765 7840 383431 6292 2638 1157 1983-84 27311 2837 7751 374757 6217 2800 1194 1984-85 27793 2957 7789 365392 5870 2905 1252 1985-86 27735 2965 7543 359617 5571 3046 1302 1986-87 27629 2988 7336 354041 4950 3182 1366 1987-88 27466 2977 7274 346844 4427 3298 1433 1988-89 27715 3052 7077 345821 3826 3454 1533 1989-90 27969 3100 6861 349661 3336 3610 1644 1990-91 28677 3142 6668 346102 2915 3759 1743 1991-92 29469 3366 6491 346394 2492 3905 1871 1992-93 30298 3444 6158 337562 1725 4069 2012 1993-94 30537 3537 5955 312405 911 4192 2117 1994-95 30036 3618 5536 291360 358 4259 2302 1995-96 29472 3691 5694 280791 209 4313 2387 1996-97 29978 3846 5460 272144 85 4363 2527 1997-98 30739 3971 5432 263981 64 4496 2646 1998-99 31554 4076 5338 252944 58 4586 2785 1999-00 32208 4266 4891 234397 56 4651 2810 2000-01 33236 4668 4731 222193 54 4702 2810 2001-02 34338 4876 4827 216717 53 4815 2871 2002-03 34871 4957 4904 214760 52 4699 2930 2003-04 35654 5278 5519 227752 45 4769 3004 2004-05 37087 5388 5600 222409 44 4807 3065 2005-06 38156 5894 5612 207983 44 4793 3188 2006-07 38855 6454 5905 207723 43 4816 3294 2007-08 40696 6641 6180 204034 44 4843 3443 2008-09 42079 6984 5985 212835 43 4963 3586 2009-10 43526 7487 6477 220549 42 5022 3825 2010-11 45048 8053 6500 229997 43 5137 4033 2011-12 46688 8617 6560 239321 43 5197 4309 2012-13 Source: statistical summary- Indian railways Capacity enhancement in Passenger service Year No. of passenger origination( in million) Passenger kms (in million) Passenger earning (in crore) 1980-81 3613 208558 827.5 1981-82 3704 220787 988.6 1982-83 3655 226930 1161.6 1983-84 3325 222935 1351.9 1984-85 3333 226582 1456.8 1985-86 3433 240614 1719.4 1986-87 3594 256535 1939.7 1987-88 3792 269389 2058.1 1988-89 3500 263731 2453.4 1989-90 3653 280848 2666.4* 1990-91 3858 295644 3144.7* 1991-92 4049 314564 3681.6 1992-93 3749 300103 4311.2 1993-94 3708 296245 4891.2 1994-95 3915 319365 5458.8 1995-96 4018 341999 6113.0 1996-97 4153 357013 6616.1 1997-98 4348 379897 7554.0 1998-99 4411 403884 8526.7 1999-00 4585 430666 9555.6 2000-01 4833 457022 10483.2 2001-02 5093 490912 11162.2 2002-03 4971 515044 12540.8 2003-04 5112 541208 13259.8 2004-05 5378 575702 14072.52 2005-06 5725 615614 15080.77 2006-07 6219 694764 17176.01 2007-08 6524 769764 19783.25 2008-09 6920 838032 21866.48 2009-10 7246 903465 23414.44 2010-11 7651 978508 25705.64 2011-12 8224 1046522 28246.43 2012-13 Source: statistical summary- Indian railways Capacity enhancement in freight service Years Total traffic Tonnes originating (in millions) Total traffic net tonne kms (in millions) Earnings from freight carried 1980-81 220.0 158474 1550.9 1981-82 245.8 174202 2250.3 1982-83 256.0 177767 2865.9 1983-84 258.0 178446 3234.3 1984-85 264.8

Other views of Sir Gawain in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight :: Essays Papers

Other views of Sir Gawain in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight Below are quotations selected from a number of sources which address the character of Sir Gawain: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "In the earliest Arthurian stories, Sir Gawain was the greatest of the Knights of the Round Table. He was famed for his prowess at arms and, above all, for his courtesy. ... Here Gawain is the perfect knight; he is so recognized by the various characters in the story and, for all his modesty, implicitly in his view of himself. To the others his greatest qualities are his knightly courtesy and his success in battle. To Gawain these are important, but he seems to set an even higher value on his courage and integrity, the two central pillars of his manhood. The story is concerned with the conflict between his conception of himself and the reality. He is not quite so brave or so honorable as he thought he was, but he is still very brave, very honorable. He cannot quite see this, but the reader can. The character of Sir Gawain is relatively fixed by tradition; he cannot act very differently from the way he does. In consequence, his character is static--is, indeed, less interesting than that of his adversary, the Green Knight. But it is for other qualities than character interest that Sir Gawain and The Green Knight is valued." (G. B. Pace, 35) From: Clark, Donald, et al. English Literature: A College Anthology. New York: The Macmillian Company, 1960. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "We are placed on the side of mortality itself, and can thus, with the Green Knight, forgive Gawain for his single act of cowardice: what he did was done not out of sensual lust but for love of life--'the less, then, to blame.' In the context of this affectionate sympathy, Gawain's own violent anger at the revelation of his fault must itself be viewed with amusement, as part of his human fallibility." (Marie Borroff, Introduction) From: Borroff, Marie. Sir Gawain and The Green Knight: A New Verse Translation. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1967. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Gawain is, naturally, more fully drawn than any other character. Not only do we observe him ourselves, we are told how he impressed other people in the story and how he himself thought and felt. We see him behaving, as all expect him to do, with exquisite courtesy; but we also see what is not apparent to the other characters, that such behavior does not always come easily to him.

Facebook Addiction Essay

Facebook has come to be probably the most commonly used social networking site, nearly half of Facebook’s users view their profiles every day. Some of the users spend an unreasonable amount of their time on Facebook, whiling the hours away unnoticed, while chores to go unfinished, and even going to the extent of ignoring family and friends in the real world. Although a majority of the hundreds of millions of people use Facebook as a social networking device, it has several of negative impacts such as social isolation, communication problems, and health problems which profoundly impact the lives of the users. While Facebook addiction disorder or Facebook addiction are not medically accepted terms, the actuality of addictive behavior on Facebook is a mounting concern for scores of Facebook users, and one that psychoanalysts are seeing more regularly in their patients. According to Fenichel, if you have found that sharing, connecting and learning through Facebook has replaced all avenues of learning and communicating and in your life, it is a possibility that you have Facebook addiction Disorder. There are a variety of ways which can be used to fight Facebook addiction. Citation proposed that an addict should: Understand the symptoms of Facebook addiction and assert that it is necessary to make changes, re-examine your priorities, spend more time with family and friends to keep your mind off the computer, look for another outlet in life or learn new things, limit the amount of time spent checking your account, instead of using Facebook to communicate with your friends, send them text messages or call them so as to reduce the time spent online, and lastly seek professional help (Fenichel). Facebook as a new phenomenon is here to stay, however, as this paper has shown, a lot of care needs to be taken in the use of it in people’s everyday lives. Facebook has negative effects on a person’s life which cannot be taken lightly. This paper has also shown that although Facebook addiction is a serious matter. However, it is not all doom and gloom as there are viable remedies which can be employed in order to overcome Facebook addiction.

Auto Exhaus essays

Auto Exhaus essays The purpose of the experiment was to understand and learn how to use Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for analyzing the content of exhaust gas, carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide, CO, is formed from burning oil, gas, coal, and wood, and is the most common air pollutant in urban areas (Peter et. al., 1999). Because its primary source is automobile emissions, carbon monoxide exposure is particularly high near heavily trafficked highways (Peter et. al., 1999). Carbon monoxide attaches to hemoglobin in the red blood cells which reduces the amount of oxygen transported to the cells. Scientific evidence indicates that exposure to carbon monoxide can reduce mental activities such as: time distortion (10-30 ppm), throbbing headache (100 ppm), vomiting and collapse (300 ppm), and coma and death (600 ppm) (Rowlen et al., 2004). This experiment was dealing with FTIR spectroscopy as a quantitative technique to determine the amounts of carbon monoxide, CO, in automobile exhaust samples. The FTIR method was chosen for this experiment, since it has given good results in analyses of gas compounds. The absorbance can be determined in all or parts of the infrared (IR) region, not only for one specific wavelength. The least concentration that can be detected with FTIR is about 0.2 ppm. The procedure for this experiment was adapted from the Carbon Monoxide in Auto Exhaust experiment.2 The instrument used for this experiment was an Avatar 360 FTIR spectrometer. To collect the exhaust samples from the cars, the evacuated metal flasks were used. Sample 1 was collected from a Toyota Tacoma from 1997 at the ground level parking lot, and sample 2 and 3 were collected from a Toyota Corolla from 1993 at the underground parking lot. The samples were collected at free idle after the car was holding at a fast idle (2500 RPM) for approximately 30 seconds. The time at whic ...

Deciding What I Want to Be

Deciding What I Want to Be Since the first flight at Kitty Hawk the flight industry has developed far beyond our imagination. Even with undoubted hazards of flying it still remains a popular means of transportation. This creates a huge demand for labor and wide variety of skills related with the industry. When I was little I was amazed at the sight of over fifty tons floating in the air. This led to curiosity that is embedded in me to this day, which has always made me wanting to become either a pilot or an airplane technician. I still have not decided which trade I would take up when I become graduated.Being a pilot would be an adventurous, risky, exciting and fun life; in simple no two days would be the same. There is a great deal of risk involved from the moment of take off to landing, making it exciting and adventurous. When flying, especially a commercial airliner, the same risk puts a great amount of responsibility in the hands of the pilot.Aviators 4In case of a technician, life would be drastically les s interesting and practically there would be nothing challenging at all, with the exception of completing deadlines. A technician can be sitting in the same desk, in the same terminal, doing the same machinery or drawing the same plan for years. Although on positive terms it is far too less risky, thus making it a lot less liable.On social aspects, piloting is considered as a prestigious occupation, throughout the globe. To be precise sometimes pilots are honored as much as crusaders or gallant sailors and explorers of the colonial centuries. Scarcity of their talent, their responsibilities as well as the dangers they face bring in pilots mammoth paychecks that can be shadowed by few other professions. Technicians only earn...

The role of competitive intelligence in an organization (Samsung) Essay

The role of competitive intelligence in an organization (Samsung) - Essay Example The intelligence that is gathered and applied for business advantage includes information on consumers, business competitors, products and services. During market research that is conducted within the framework of competitive intelligence, a company invests resources in collection, analysis, application and communication of information on all aspects of the market. Therefore competitive intelligence is an aspect of the external environment of an organization or company. Advantages of Competitive Intelligence The role of competitive advantage within a business entity is demonstrated by the application of collected and analyzed data on the market by the management as a basis of making operational and strategic decisions for business success (Gaidelys 1060). Competitive intelligence is an ethically and legally acceptable business practice which allows companies to make informed decisions that allow them to effectively survive in a competitive market. Uncertainty on the market is signifi cantly reduced through competitive intelligence (Kamal 312). ... Competitive Intelligence at Samsung Through competitive intelligence, Samsung analyses its plans in relation to the response of consumers or the market to allow its management to reach informed and accurate decisions on business strategy (Datamonitor 5). For example in the production of smart phones, android phones, notebook and tablets, Samsung collects intelligence from the market on the likely response of the consumers before the sale of these products. This concept is referred to as pressure test of corporate plans to determine the reaction of the market to new or improved products. It is through this process that Samsung has been able to obtain a positive response from the consumers a factor that has allowed the company to become more competitive as compared to its business rivals. The android products that are produced by Samsung are received well by the company’s markets across the world because of the quality, values and authenticity which the company achieves for its products based on the intelligence information that is gathered and analyzed within competitive intelligence. The need to improve credit rating within Samsung called for elaborate analysis of intelligence about its consumers and business competitors. This allowed the company management to decide upon effective corporate strategies which allowed the company to have a higher credit rating as compared to other companies within the industry (Karim 196). In this regard therefore, competitive intelligence has played a significant role in defining the business strength within Samsung and its application to achieve success in the mobile phone and electronic markets. The strength of Samsung’s telecommunication commerce is also

Outline for essay topoc. Critically cinsider the role of insuranse law

Outline for topoc. Critically cinsider the role of insuranse law and practice in the regulation of international business transactions - Essay Example Regulations of insurance agents and insurance companies will also be introduced. There will be arguments on insurance policies and regulatory issues concerning risk and operation management of insurance businesses. There will be a discussion of the nature and fundamentals of insurance, its functions and purpose in commerce, and its effects and function on tort litigation and recovery. These will be discussed in relation to insurance contract, structure, interpretation, and use. This section will discuss international company, business transactions involving insurance law. Examples of treaties and international trades will be highlighted, as well as the benefits and effects to the global economy. This section will highlight private law of transactions involving the movement of goods from one country to another. It will also describe the public law controls which effect such transactions and transactions which are governed by other legal systems such as WTO. This section will describe the way in which major projects are financed, focusing on the key features of the financing and the players who bring infrastructure projects to life.   There will be emphasis on the key legal and other risks in the project financing. This section will examine the international trade landscape, the main institutional protagonist, namely the World Trade Organization, and its rules. It will also examine the legal issues surrounding cross-border investment decisions and disputes Oduntan, Gbenga C.I.F. Gatwick and Other Such Nonsense Upon Stilts: Incoterms and the Law, Jargon and Practice of International Business Transactions6. International Company and Commercial Law Review, (2010). Organization. RH, Robert Hunter, Federal Insurance Administrator from 1974 to 1978, is president of the National Insurance,Consumer Organization. REFORM INSURANCE, NOT LIABILITY LAW; TAMING THE LATEST INSURANCE CRISIS. New York Times 1986 Apr